Keystone Environmental Experiences: An exploratory framework of transformative experiences that promote environmental awareness

Abstract

The increasingly significant psychological effects of global environmental problems, particularly climate change anxiety and environmental responsibility, warrant an examination of emotional and motivational processes. We introduce the concept of Keystone Environmental Experience (KSEE). It is a moment of realization associated with individuals recognizing their responsibility and committing to becoming active agents of environmental protection. The aim of this study was to explore the types of KSEEs and the relationship between climate change anxiety, KSEEs, and the intention to act. The role of formal education was also examined. This exploratory, mixed-method cross-sectional study involved 501 high school students and 941 adults. Participants answered an online survey regarding climate change-related knowledge, attitudes, eco-emotions, KSEEs, and behavioural intentions. Results indicate that while climate anxiety is higher among those who have experienced a KSEE, their sense of individual responsibility and willingness to take action are also significantly stronger. Furthermore, global media events were more frequently reported as KSEE triggers by students, whereas adults more commonly cited local experiences. Theoretically, the research provides an empirical foundation for the KSEE concept. Practically, it highlights that formal education was rarely reported as a KSEE source in this sample.